Shrink Claims Violent Video Games Cause Rape (Evidence? Not So Much)
Where there's media...there's a shrink popping up to bask in the limelight...whatever that takes.
Jason Schreier blogs on Wired about "self-described 'media psychiatrist' Carole Lieberman" and her evidence-free claim:
"The increase in rapes can be attributed in large part to the playing out of [sexual] scenes in videogames," Lieberman told Fox News in an article, sensationally headlined "Is Bulletstorm the Worst Videogame in the World?" The story discusses the violence and sexual innuendo in developer Epic Games' upcoming first-person shooter.Though extremists like Jack Thompson have attacked violent videogames on multiple fronts in the past, this is the first time we've heard anyone link gaming to sexual aggression. By playing the rape card, Lieberman ratcheted up the rhetoric in the crusade against violent videogames -- and whipped up fury among gamers, who attacked her remarks in online forums (and even bombed her books with negative reviews on Amazon.com).
Despite the seriousness of Lieberman's allegations, when Wired.com asked her multiple times to clarify her comments, she failed to cite a single study, statistic or piece of evidence that proved her point.
Perhaps it's because such studies simply don't exist.
"I don't know where [Lieberman] would get any evidence for this opinion," said Iowa State University professor Douglas A. Gentile, who studies the relationship between media and violence. "There's really very little to substantiate her claims in research literature."
Gentile has been researching violence in media since 1999. He has written books and studies about the psychological effects of videogames. When asked by Wired.com in a phone interview, he said very few mainstream games contain any real sexual content. Explicit old games like Leisure Suit Larry and Custer's Revenge, Gentile pointed out, are hard to find on store shelves nowadays.
Lieberman "is extrapolating farther than science actually allows her to," Gentile said.
Heh. That's, um, polite.
A story by Steven E. Landsburg on Slate echoes what I found in reading a bunch of studies on porn a few months ago -- an association between the spread of porn and a decrease in rapes. He also notes an association between the showing of violent movies and the decrease in violence. Do note that it's an association -- not proof.
But, also note another association: A few years back I saw studies not connected to the spread of the Internet but the availability of porn, and researchers also found that rape decreased as porn became more available...if I remember correctly, in Demark and some other European country.
Landsburg writes:
The bottom line on these experiments is, "More Net access, less rape." A 10 percent increase in Net access yields about a 7.3 percent decrease in reported rapes. States that adopted the Internet quickly saw the biggest declines. And, according to Clemson professor Todd Kendall, the effects remain even after you control for all of the obvious confounding variables, such as alcohol consumption, police presence, poverty and unemployment rates, population density, and so forth....Next, violence. What happens when a particularly violent movie is released? Answer: Violent crime rates fall. Instantly. Here again, we have a lot of natural experiments: The number of violent movie releases changes a lot from week to week. One weekend, 12 million people watch Hannibal, and another weekend, 12 million watch Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit.
University of California professors Gordon Dahl and Stefano DellaVigna compared what happens on those weekends. The bottom line: More violence on the screen means less violence in the streets. Probably that's because violent criminals prefer violent movies, and as long as they're at the movies, they're not out causing mischief. They'd rather see Hannibal than rob you, but they'd rather rob you than sit through Wallace & Gromit.
I say that's the most probable explanation, because the biggest drop in crime (about a 2 percent drop for every million people watching violent movies) occurs between 6 p.m. and midnight--the prime moviegoing hours. And what happens when the theaters close? Answer: Crime stays down, though not by quite as much. Dahl and DellaVigna speculate that this is because two hours at the movies means two hours of drinking Coke instead of beer, with sobering effects that persist right on through till morning. Speaking of morning, after 6 a.m., crime returns to its original level.







Such a surprise, another Lieberman against video games.
brian at February 13, 2011 5:28 AM
I find it hard to believe that porn reduces rape. Rape generally isn't someone who just really needs to get his rocks off, it's about power and pain. If it weren't, only decently attractive people would be raped.
Violent videogames may or may not encourage violent crime, but I would not want to share my life with someone who enjoyed that sort of entertainment.
momof4 at February 13, 2011 6:34 AM
Did she interview some rapists and ask about their habits from smoking, to porn consumption, to tv and video game usage. Would that have been so hard!
John Paulson at February 13, 2011 7:46 AM
Is it even true that rapes in the U.S. have increased? If so, that would be going against the general trend of violent crimes decreasing since about 1990... Ah, here we go. I looked back through the FBI's year-by-year comparisons from 2009 (the most recent year for which they have complete data) to 2005, and the reported rape rate has decreased about 1-3% each year over that span. If you go back and look at the 2002 number and compare to 2009, reported rapes have decreased by 17.4%.
So Lieberman's entire thesis is based on a premise which turns out to be false. Video games can't be the cause of something that isn't actually happening.
Cousin Dave at February 13, 2011 7:48 AM
Hilarious, Brian.
Rape generally isn't someone who just really needs to get his rocks off, it's about power and pain.
And actually, momof4, that's the well-tread myth about it. The evidence says otherwise: A Natural History of Rape: Biological Bases of Sexual Coercion
Here's an article by Thornhill and Palmer, both researchers I know and respect (save for Thornhill's weird talk at the last Human Behavior and Evolution Society conference when he was supposed to be eulogizing the late Linda Mealy).
http://iranscope.ghandchi.com/Anthology/Women/rape.htm
Amy Alkon at February 13, 2011 7:49 AM
I put claims such as Dr. Lieberman's at about the same level as those finding hidden messages in Led Zeppelin records played backwards, or in discovering the word "sex" in ads for Ritz crackers. This comment applies equally to the next post (the Pepsi one).
Old RPM Daddy at February 13, 2011 7:57 AM
"that's the well-tread myth about (rape)."
It's not a myth, it's a mantra. It's the line we've had repeated to us since the seventies - Rape isn't an act of sex, it's an act of violence. It's how those GOPers tried to get away with redefining rape recently.
I can't even reply to the video game haters anymore - they exist only to fill the 24-hour news cycle, not a one has made any measurable headway in years, and there's simply too much money being made to let them ever do so. Comics were a fringe business in the fifties, so it got hit. None of the Reasons Your Kid Is Bad have been taken seriously in a decade or two.
Vinnie Bartilucci at February 13, 2011 8:03 AM
Playing Dungeons & Dragons makes you suicidal or a satanist. Porn makes men rape. Violent video games, t.v. shows and movies make people violent. Artificial sweeteners are safe, WMD's are in Iraq, Bill Clinton did not have sex with Monica Lewinsky and Anna Nicole Smith married for love.
All the above statements have one thing in common. They are all complete and utter bullshit.
Lieberman is just another hack with an agenda and again proves the old saw that:
"Figures don't lie but liars figure."
Awildman at February 13, 2011 8:09 AM
Two things.
When Ed Meese was AG under Reagan, he was directed to find a connection between "pornography" (in quotes because of differing definitions) and sex-related crime. He couldn't. I suggest that this is not likely to change as media went from print to video because of the deliberate nature of sexual crime. There is a case of a juvenile criminal shooting people, where he claimed it was no big deal, he did it in games, but there is much less premeditation involved in shooting.
Next, a consistency check: If there is no increase in rape because of {insert genre of video activity involving adults here}, then how can distributing pictures of minors encourage it?
Radwaste at February 13, 2011 8:29 AM
"All the above statements have one thing in common. They are all complete and utter bullshit."
Except one.
Everybody thinks of a scene from The Ten Commandments when they think of Iraq. They forget it is an industrialized nation, preferring to argue as if the totally peaceful inhabitants only farmed dates and rode camels.
But that's another topic. Sorry about that.
Radwaste at February 13, 2011 8:41 AM
"Everybody thinks of a scene from The Ten Commandments when they think of Iraq... preferring to argue as if the totally peaceful inhabitants only farmed dates and rode camels."
How I wish that were true when I was there. Any way, different topic from the one at hand.
Awildman at February 13, 2011 9:10 AM
I think that Amy's sources are correct. Rape is what it seems to be, coerced sex. Feminists want to portray rape as control so that they can claim that it arises from social conditions (i.e. Patriarchy). That's why they'll adamantly deny that it occurs among other species. It's hard to argue that chimps are being affected by human concepts of male dominance and control.
jj at February 13, 2011 10:05 AM
Rape happens in other species? Isn't most animal sex what we would call rape? It's not like the female really enjoys it, asks for it, or even consents. IN fact in many species, physical harm must happen for the female to ovulate (cats, for example). And yes, chimps are very much affected by issues of dominance. More so than humans, JJ. Bad choice of example, there.
I imagine women who could get pregnant from a rape, are a little more bothered by it. Can't see how that point is particularly salient to the rest of it.
WHy are elderly raped, then? I'm not saying I know more. But it seems, if it was about sex, then you would never see an elderly rape victim, or for that matter a really young one either. How does one explain male rape by heteros? You can't tell me EVERY guy in prison is secretely gay. And there are plenty of willing guys in prison if one did want the release, but they chose to rape. As punishment for the victim.
momof4 at February 13, 2011 10:23 AM
Chimps mate consensually, which is why you can define rape for chimps. And if they exhibit dominance, that undercuts claims that rape is a type of behavior inspired by Patriarchy. So chimps are a very good example.
and some stats from the DOJ..
* 29% are age 12-17.
* 44% are under age 18.
* 80% are under age 30.
* 12-34 are the highest risk years.
* Girls ages 16-19 are 4 times more likely than the general population to be victims of rape, attempted rape, or sexual assault.
So yes, older women are getting raped, but not nearly as frequently. I suspect that the incidences of rape against geriatrics is proportionally very small.
jj at February 13, 2011 10:58 AM
This paper from Northwestern Law School says there was a dramatic decline in rapes from 1980 to 2004:
http://anthonydamato.law.northwestern.edu/Adobefiles/porn.pdf
The stats come from the DOJ National Crime Victimization survey, so they should include rapes that were not reported to police.
Saying that rape is not about sex is like saying robbery is not about money. The salient fact about rapists & robbers is that they're criminal scumbags. The guy who breaks into a woman's bedroom, steals her jewelry, and rapes her is using force to take things - her possessions, access to her body - that he has not earned & has no right to. Stealing is easier than working, raping is easier than persuading a sexy woman that you're a man worthy of sharing her bed. Ordinary people in bad neighborhoods are robbed more frequently than rich people in gated neighborhoods because they are better targets of opportunity. Most of those 12-30 year old rape victims were just ordinary women & girls going about their business, who had the misfortune to encounter opportunistic criminals.
Martin at February 13, 2011 11:45 AM
I would not try to argue that rape has nothing to do with sex.
However, I am appalled by those who argue, more or less, that men practically ONLY rape when they can't find any consenting women. (Psychologist Bernard Chapin, among others, made that argument.) Haven't we heard enough stories of very popular teen athletes - and adult celebrities - who rape because they almost never hear "no" from any woman, so when they do hear it, instead of shrugging and moving on to the next woman, choose to "teach her a lesson" instead?
(Note that for many young men, coolly and politely moving on to the next woman after a sexual refusal can even be a sadistic pleasure, because it often leaves the first woman in shock and in tears. This is especially the case for teenage girls, of course, since it contradicts what they read in their favorite romance novels, where handsome, dashing cads decide to reform themselves when they meet even ONE woman who actually believes in waiting for marriage - or at least moving slowly.)
And, regarding what Thornhill and Palmer said, I think it's also important to remember what Katha Pollitt said in 1995:
""We need to stop thinking of male violence as some kind of freak of nature, like a tornado. Because the thing about tornadoes is, you can't do anything about them."
lenona at February 13, 2011 12:47 PM
@momof4 -
How many ugly women are raped every year? A vanishingly small number.
Rape is about sex. If rape was about power, he'd make her paint his house.
brian at February 13, 2011 1:15 PM
Part of my job is to teach legal causation. I look forward, every term, to associating the constitutional amendment giving women the legal right to vote, with genocides and wars of the 20th century -- and my classes are predominately female.
I know better of course. But facts are hard to find and substantiate, and associations can just be a lot more fun if one's objective is to stir things up a little bit.
Walt at February 13, 2011 2:15 PM
Orangs do not mate consentually, an interesting tidbit I picked up at the monkey sanctuary in San Antonio. The space chimps are there too, it was pretty cool. I never said anything about patriarchy and rape. I know testosterone creates rape.
I suspect teen girls are at most risk because they are most likely to get into stupid situations with a man they don't know well. Older women (which would be 20s and up for our purposes here) know better. Predators of all stripes and species go for the easiest prey.
Seriously, Brian? A lot. Not to mention the rapists who have beautiful wives at home.
No one taking on hetero male on male rape? No one at all?
momof4 at February 13, 2011 5:43 PM
One reason why prison rape is so prevalent may be that scumbag criminals tend to behave like scumbag criminals. Why would anyone expect otherwise? A maximum-security prison & a nuclear submarine at sea are both tightly confined all-male environments, but the characters of the men in each are not the same.
If robbery was just about money, then armed robbers would sneak in, steal some valuables, and slip out quietly, instead of terrorizing, assaulting, or murdering their victims, as they frequently do. But it is still about money.
Martin at February 13, 2011 6:30 PM
"Violent videogames may or may not encourage violent crime"
It's pretty clear that videgames do not encourage violent crime. There is some correlation between bullying and such behavior among children who prefer to M rated games, but I'm gonna take a stab in the dark and say sixth graders who play the GTA series don't have great parents to begin with. But overall, violent crimes among juveniles (the most impressionable bunch) have been dropping to a 30 year low per capita. Incidently, Mario just turned 25, so there have been popular videogames for as long as the juvenile crime rate has been dropping. I'm not going to go out and say that videogames lead to a decrease in violent juvenile crime based on this correlation, but it's clear that there has been no rise in violent crime that can be pinned on games.
Now you do hear a lot about how violent offenders like to play violent video games. That's about as statisically relevant as saying they like chocolate. Close to 65,000 YEARS have been spent by everyone playing multi-player matchups in HALO 3 (as in that doesn't include how much time they spent playing the normal game or other HALO games). It would be more remarkable for a man under the age of 30 to *not* play violent video games. The VA tech shooter did not play videogames, despite being in the prime demographic for gamers.
(Obviously Mo4, it's your perogative to decide who you do or don't want to spend time with based on any criteria you like.)
I would love to know what games Lieberman thinks she's talking about. Even in the much talked about sex scenes in Dragon Age and GTA you don't see anything that would get it above a PG-13 rating. (Well maybe GTA. It's pretty clear the protaganist is getting a blow job.) The "Hot Coffee" scandal was the result of a mod that was not accessible in game play (you had to fiddle with the code and save files), not available in subsequent versions, and completely patched over. But even then, the gals remained clothed (unless you used a third party mod) and the sex was consensual with your girlfriends.
Now there are plenty of hentai games in Japan. Some of them (very few) quite horrific and centering on rape. But they are developed and sold to a very niche market in Japan. They aren't popular games even over there. And I can promise you that you won't find them on store shelves here in the US. (Until recently you needed to break into the hardware of your game console and install a special chip just to be able to play Japanese region games).
Anyway, here's a page with some good infographics on kids, violence, and videogames:
http://videogames.procon.org/view.resource.php?resourceID=003627
Elle
at February 14, 2011 8:02 AM
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