Should Private Businesses Be Allowed To Exclude People?
What if they're wearing Nazi regalia or KKK hoods? David Bernstein blogs at Volokh, quoting this unnamed Volokh.com commenter's remark:
There is a German restaurant called the Alpine Village Inn, in Torrance California. A group of four neo-Nazis went there to eat, each wearing a lapel pin with a swastika on it. The management asked them to take off the lapel pins. They refused. The management asked them to leave. They refused. The management called the police, who arrested them.Then, remarkably, the Southern California ACLU gets involved, and sues the restaurant for calling the police on the Nazis! This much I've confirmed from media accounts. According to the commenter who first alerted me to this story, "the defendants' insurer eventually settled following unsuccessful pretrial challenges to the complaint, believing they could not prevail under California law!"
The lawsuit was brought under California's Unruh Act, which provides that "all persons within the jurisdiction of this state are free and equal, and no matter what their sex, race, color, religion, ancestry, national origin, disability, or medical condition are entitled to the full and equal accommodations, advantages facilities, privileges, or services in all business establishments of every kind whatsoever." The California courts have held that the protected classes delineated by the Act are not exclusive; the Act also protects arbitrary discrimination by a business establishment based on similar characteristics to the above. Apparently, the insurer thought that "political views" was sufficiently similar to "religion" that the courts would likely rule against the insured.
...why was the ACLU concerned about the rights of the Nazi patrons, but not the owners? Why didn't the owners have a right to send a message that they disapprove of Naziism?
Third, even accepting the absurd premises apparently underlying this lawsuit, that the Unruh Act somehow protects Nazis from discrimination in public accommodation, where was the discrimination here? The restaurant didn't refuse to serve the Nazis, it simply refused to serve them so long as they were turning the restaurant into a forum for promoting their Nazi views by wearing swastikas. A restaurant couldn't discriminate against Satanists, does that mean they are required to let the Satanists wear T-shirts showing Jesus being tortured by a gleeful Lucifer?
Fourth, under current hostile environment law, the restaurant could get in serious trouble for not ordering the Nazis to stop wearing the swastikas. Tolerating swastika-wearing patrons would be considering by some to be the creation of an "illegal hostile public environment" for Jews, Gypsies, and others.
If you're familiar with my views on such issues, you know that I don't think the restaurant owners can or should be forced to censor the Nazis' expression of their views (unless the owners censor all points of view except Naziism, which could then be seen as their way of getting around the law and excluding Jews), but I also don't think that the Nazis can or should have the right to impose their speech on the unwilling owners of the restaurant, who are acting not only on their own behalf, but as agents for their patrons.
Julian Sanchez comments more directly on L'affaire Rand Paul at Newsweek, in "Why Rand Paul Is Right ... and Wrong -- The new GOP Senate candidate in Kentucky would be wrong to oppose the 1964 civil-rights law, but his underlying concern was legitimate":
Yet there's nothing intrinsically racist in the argument in favor of property rights--and indeed, any real liberal ought to at least have some sympathy for it. Strong property rights have often been the friend of unpopular minorities: Jim Crow laws were imposed precisely because racists feared the South's rigid caste system would collapse if business owners were free to integrate, as historian Charles Wynes noted in his 1961 study Race Relations in Virginia. After that long apartheid imposed on consumer preferences, it might have been too sanguine to hope market forces alone would have ushered in desegregation as rapidly as the Civil Rights Act did. But history is littered with tribal boundaries shattered by commerce, and formal law yielded no instant solution either. (A ban on formal segregation could only do so much in practice where majorities were determined to exclude blacks by means less explicit but barely more subtle than signs announcing "whites only.")Anyone who values freedom of association should also recognize the real tradeoff that antidiscrimination law involves. In a free society, Americans have long believed, even people with repulsive views have a right to express them, and to join with like-minded bigots in private clubs and informal gatherings. It is not crazy to imagine that in a more just world, an ideally just world, respect for that freedom would lead us to countenance--legally, if not personally--the few cranks who sought to congregate in their monochrome cafés and diners.
Yet that's precisely why Paul's 1.0 argument breaks down on its own terms: at the scene of a four-century crime against humanity--the kidnap, torture, enslavement, and legal oppression of African-Americans--ideal theory fails. We libertarians, never burdened with an excess of governing power, have always had a utopian streak, a penchant for imagining what rich organic order would bubble up from the choices of free and equal citizens governed by a lean state enforcing a few simple rules. We tend to envision societies that, if not perfect, are at least consistently libertarian.
...The central fact obscured by our polarized political discourse is that Rachel Maddow and Rand Paul don't inhabit completely alien moral worlds. The value of free association, in commercial as well as private life, is and ought to be a liberal value. The call for justice from victims of a criminal state should ring in libertarian ears. Both should hope to see a better world, where bigots' desire to gather together in their own sterile haunts could be not only tolerated but positively welcomed as a favor to the rest of us.
Your thoughts?







Well you'd love what's going on in Australia at the moment. A fool Muslim woman gets on a go-kart wearing her hijab. It gets caught in a wheel and she dies Isadora Duncan style. Needless to say the family will be suing because no one stopped her from riding. A few weeks later a Muslim woman succesfully sues an amusement park for discrimination for refusing to allow her to go on slides with a hijab... Damned if you do, damned if you don't. Can't have private businesses interfering in Muslims' rights to claim perpetual victimhood.
Chunks at May 28, 2010 12:54 AM
As a private business owner, why should you not be able to say "adults only", or "men only", "kilts required" or even "adults only admitted when accompanied by screaming children"? If the clients don't like the rules, they are free to take their patronage elsewhere.
These rules reduce the variety of businesses available to consumers, and place an undue burdens on business owners. Businesses are, in the end, private establishments.
bradley13 at May 28, 2010 1:15 AM
Bottom line, property rights trump personal pleasure.
They may have pleased to dine there.
But that does not trump the restaurant owner's right to decide the rules on his property.
Robert at May 28, 2010 1:37 AM
What bradley13 and Robert said, plus:
These Neo-Nazis should be so glad that they were not in a restaurant that's actually located in Germany. Over here, it's a crime to wear Nazi symbols in public.
Rainer at May 28, 2010 2:55 AM
Ask this question do you want to see me a short white pasty slightly fat man in a shirt and tie in his 30s screaming that I should be let into the hottest HipHop bar in LA or New York. Of course not - most blacks would not want my cracker ass in their places. i do not fit.
As to discrimination and business always makes me think of first is what happened with some gay bars in Australia. They wanted to get permission to discriminate because they kept getting hens night parties and drunk single woman groups coming to the place of business. Now these places where not the real big dance places there where more upbeat places closer. It was just some people felt they wanted something unique so they will go bother some gay people. Me I support the discrimination against straight people. That's why if I am a strip club and I see a whole bunch a guys making out, I would a sure as hell want them gone.
http://www.news.com.au/gay-pub-can-bar-heterosexual-drinkers/story-e6frfkp9-1111113624346
John Paulson at May 28, 2010 3:11 AM
I think it started with JFK and his Greater Houston Ministerial Association address back in 1960:
"I believe in a president whose religious views are his own private affair." So we now have to believe in shopkeepers and diner-owners who's beliefs are their own private affair. They can privately hate their customers, but who they are to discontinue the service?
Me at May 28, 2010 4:09 AM
The obvious concern is that this provision of the CRA is now primarily employed to undermine the right to private association. The meanings of 'public' and 'accommodation' have been stretched to enable the state to enjoin and dictate the membership of private assemblies. Aside from the more famous cases, like the boyscouts and religious charitable groups, there are attempts to use it to engineer the membership of corporate boards, and civic groups. The latter trend is a specific concern because it erodes representative government.
I've found that this question is a good filter for determining true Liberals from Progressives (i.e. fascists ). Liberals will recognize the need for restraint, Progressives don't.
Adele at May 28, 2010 5:01 AM
I say if you're not government-run, you should get to decide who you serve. Which means yes, luj, I think businesses should be able to refuse me service because I married a hispanic.
momof4 at May 28, 2010 5:38 AM
The restaurant is within their right to throw them out. The insurance company fucker the bunny here. The second you settle you open the flood gates. Yeah it would have cost time and money but had they fought I believe they would have won. It would have likely cost the insurance company more money than settling but would have set a good precedent and saved them and us lost of money in the future.
I will support the protection of hate speech for the simple reason that the first amendment was not put in to protect "I can haz cheezburger". It was put in to protect unpopular speech since popular speech lacks any need for such protection.
Any private establishment should (must) be able to refuse service to anyone. Otherwise it stops being a private establishment. Now it gets kind of dicey since many private establishments has used public seed money. This is flagrantly rampant in California.
vlad at May 28, 2010 6:04 AM
I think the business took to cheapest way out, but I wish they would have fought it. Just another example of government sticking its nose where it doesn't belong and the private citizens affected accepting it. Sad.
William (wbhicks@hotmail.com) at May 28, 2010 6:08 AM
It's OK for eateries to say "no shirt, no shoes, no service" right?
What's the difference?
Especially since those who wear shirts but not shoes are likely posing a threat only to themselves? Seems to me that shoes, with their treads, are more likely to transport deadly bacteria than bare feet. Yet, the owners of the eatery still get to make the rules.
In the mid-1990s, Miss Manners did a PBS special called "Miss Manners and Company" (I do wish I could find it) which consisted heavily of skits in which rude people couldn't begin to grasp that THEY were the ones at fault. One that I remember was a quarrel between a barefoot(?) teen girl and a shop owner who wouldn't let her in. She tried to make the argument I mentioned in the second paragraph, convinced HE was the unreasonable one.
lenona at May 28, 2010 6:33 AM
If you can't even kick someone off your property that you don't want there, then property rights mean nothing at all. The restaurant owner shouldn't even have to give a reason.
Lobster at May 28, 2010 6:48 AM
"One that I remember was a quarrel between a barefoot(?) teen girl and a shop owner who wouldn't let her in."
Hmm, where I come from it's common to see people young and old walk barefoot in the shops.
Lobster at May 28, 2010 6:49 AM
I always like those signs posted at the front of a business: "The Management reserves the right to refuse service."
Agree with what vlad said. Only difference being that because its California, I don't think they would have won. Perhaps someplace else, but not Cali.
And what Chunks was talking about in Australia is just scary. I can't imagine many business owners sleep well at night, considering they now have to take responsibility for everyone's decisions when it turns out badly.
cornerdemon at May 28, 2010 6:53 AM
Only difference being that because its California, I don't think they would have won.
I'm not so sure. I think they would have won in the end I just see it costing much more. If they could get the civil case heard in front of a black and/or Jewish jury it would likely end in their favor. However I'm not sure if California permits juries for civil litigation. If California keeps the race fresh and in the deck they can't bitch about it being used.
vlad at May 28, 2010 7:00 AM
So, the mall in downtown Rochester that wouldn't admit folks with hoods and gang colors was wrong? Of course I want to shop in the middle of a gang war, who wouldn't?
Some day the sheeple will begin to impeach these idiot judges by the dozen. Until then, kiss your life, liberty and property goodbye.
markD at May 28, 2010 7:00 AM
The comments about restaurants remind me of dogs. Here, it is quite common to see someone in a nice restaurant enjoying their meal, with their dog dozing under the table.
I find this a nice tradition; FWIW I have never seen an ill-behaved dog in a restaurant.
In the USA, AFAIK this is illegal everywhere, supposedly because of hygiene. The government must protect everyone from death by dog poisoning...
bradley13 at May 28, 2010 7:15 AM
I'm a former Boy Scout and Scout leader. I have some skin in this game, I think. I firmly support Rand Paul and the right (implicit? explicit?) to private association.
roadgeek at May 28, 2010 7:15 AM
Intent plays a big role here. These people were obviously (IMHO) doing this to be provocative, as opposed to, say, someone with a congenital issue that they can't control. That SHOULD play a part, but it usually doesn't.
The ACLU does do a good job of playing both sides of the field, and for that I have to give the credit. They defended Rush Limbaugh because they knew that if the government got away with illegally siezing his medical records, they could try it next time on someone with whose opinions they agree, and wouldn't be able to say "Hey, wait a minute, NOW it's wrong".
The argument is that if one restaurant can bar Nazis becuase the owner disagree with their opinions, they could bar Democrats or something tomorrow for the same reason. The problem is, in many cases step "B" is not rational, and the odds of it actually happening are slim to none. It's the same specious tactic used when people claim "If we say gays can marry, next people will want to marry dogs or furniture".
Vinnie Bartilucci at May 28, 2010 7:51 AM
"you know that I don't think the restaurant owners can or should be forced to censor the Nazis' expression of their views ("
Nobody was censoring anybody in this case.
Jim at May 28, 2010 8:25 AM
Amy Alkon
http://www.advicegoddess.com/archives/2010/05/28/should_business.html#comment-1719391">comment from Vinnie BartilucciOne of the things I like about FIRE (Foundation for Individual Rights In Education) is that they defend everybody and anybody whose speech is suppressed.
Amy Alkon
at May 28, 2010 8:35 AM
>>I say if you're not government-run, you should get to decide who you serve. Which means yes, luj, I think businesses should be able to refuse me service because I married a hispanic.
I'd kick up a shitfit even if you wouldn't, momof4.
Especially if I had no way of knowing this obnoxious policy was in place before I booked a table.
Jody Tresidder at May 28, 2010 9:06 AM
Elwood: Illinois Nazis.
Jake: I hate Illinois Nazis.
ron at May 28, 2010 9:25 AM
I wonder if I would be disinvited to an Obama fundraiser if I was wearing a "fuck Obama" t-shirt?
jksisco at May 28, 2010 10:09 AM
But what about pants? Do I have to wear pants?
Conan the Grammarian
at May 28, 2010 10:15 AM
Another similar situation in Cali, where adjacent homeowners had a dispute. One homeowner had installed solar panels on the roof. The neighbour had trees that grew and shaded the solar panels.
The tree-lovers were forced to cut down 2 of their 8 trees.
http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,331551,00.html
I'm waiting for neighbouring windmill owners to sue each other for using up some of the kinetic energy in the air...
EarlW at May 28, 2010 11:17 AM
Let me get this straight. We have to tolerate and accommodate actual, self-proclaimed Nazis and their rights. On the other hand, when a state pledges to uphold a Federal already on the books, we call those people "Nazis" and loudly proclaim our opposition to them? Really?
Marina at May 28, 2010 11:22 AM
Who are they to discontinue the service?
The provider. The owner of that property who alone has the right to decide what is acceptable on the premises and what is not.
My land, MY RULES. Your land, YOUR RULES.
Robert at May 28, 2010 12:38 PM
Sorry but the south used "freedom of association" to discriminate wholesale against African Americans until the early 1960s. This ship has sailed, the horse has left the barn. You do not have a right to discriminate period.
Crusader at May 28, 2010 2:03 PM
Amy Alkon
http://www.advicegoddess.com/archives/2010/05/28/should_business.html#comment-1719442">comment from CrusaderSimplistic response. What if I open The Atheist Café, and I want to refuse to serve people who wear religious symbols or Burkas. It’s a private business. Why shouldn’t that be my right? Same as it should be your right to ban people who won’t say they believe in god from your business.
Amy Alkon
at May 28, 2010 2:14 PM
Yes Crusader, you do. Period.
Gay men should have the right to exclude straight women, women should have the right to have their own private clubs, men should be able to have their own, a Jewish store owner has every right to refuse to allow Nazi's on his property.
Its not pretty when someone decides that since they hate blacks they won't allow them into an establishment.
But if you want people to be free, they must be free to decide how to use their own property. Some people will misuse that freedom, and they are vile, make no mistake about my position.
But the imposition of virtue by overturning freedom, no matter the greater good that you proclaim as your purpose, is like a poisonous seed that comes back to bite us later. Eroding liberty to create equality will end by taking both away.
And you can quote me on THAT.
Robert at May 28, 2010 2:51 PM
I will agree that most private entities have a right to refuse service or membership to offensive parties -- as they should.
But some entities, such as the American Legion lose that right as per their charter.
I was in an Ohio suburb when a black USAF Major showed up after a PCS (Permanent Change of Station) wanting to change his Legionnaire membership to his new local. The uproar over a black Legionnaire disgusted me. We took the leadership to task.
BTW: the No Shoes, No Service laws don't actually exist: www.barefooters.org/health-dept/
Jim P. at May 28, 2010 7:02 PM
What if I open The Atheist Café, and I want to refuse to serve people who wear religious symbols or Burkas.
LMAO! Amy, what a cool and funny idea! That's even better than the Atheist bus campaign! I'd become a regular! Unfortunately, The Atheist Café would become a magnet for the religulously impaired pretty soon. But that's okay: There would be two different price lists, with the believers paying more than the atheists...
Rainer at May 29, 2010 2:51 AM
But that's okay: There would be two different price lists, with the believers paying more than the atheists...
I can't support two price lists, but that is again a business choice. I would be open to required disclosure of the two price lists.
But that would behoove a a business to be open and honest.
Jim P. at May 29, 2010 4:43 AM
Sorry Jim P., maybe I got a little carried away with the price lists. Maybe I shouldn't comment on Amy's blog while I'm laughing.
Meanwhile, I have googled the place, and it seems to be quite popular. Check it out:
http://www.neatorama.com/2009/09/22/bizarro-at-the-atheist-cafe/
Rainer at May 29, 2010 8:31 AM
Crusader, the South's Jim Crow laws mandated segregation in private business establishments. You couldn't have allowed blacks and whites to sit together at your Southern lunch counter if you wanted to.
Conan the Grammarian at May 29, 2010 11:08 AM
Amy:
What if I open The Atheist Café
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
... what if WALMART declares that it will only serve atheists? Or - what is more likely based on market share - will no longer serve atheists?
What if Google refuses to process requests from Israel?
We are living in an age of consolidation and mass markets.
Has Google become a "public accommodation" yet?
I know I couldn't do my job without it.
The thrust of anti-discrimination law is that by engaging in trade you are entering a public sphere, a commons of sorts. That obligates.
Who can sit in YOUR restaurant is not entirely the same has who can sit in your (private, non-commercial) house.
Ben David at May 30, 2010 12:48 AM
Who can sit in YOUR restaurant is not entirely the same has who can sit in your (private, non-commercial) house.
Posted by: Ben David
And how much longer do you suppose that will last?
lujlp at May 30, 2010 4:49 AM
So who is going to enforce all these private property rights?
What if a black prospective patron ignores the 'whites only' sign and insists on entering the restaurant?
Are you libertarians suggesting we should go back to the days when the police arrested black people for sitting down at a lunch counter?
Or should the owner be allowed to assault any black who refuses to leave?
JoJo at May 30, 2010 6:47 PM
"Sorry but the south used "freedom of association" to discriminate wholesale against African Americans until the early 1960s"
Most Contrived Fallacy Ever.
Lobster at May 31, 2010 2:03 PM
"So who is going to enforce all these private property rights?"
DUH...I am, YOU are. Every single private citizen is the enforcer of his rights over his own property. Police are simply a supporting arm to augment our safety and security, and ensure that our rights are not otherwise violated.
"What if a black prospective patron ignores the 'whites only' sign and insists on entering the restaurant?"
Alright, this is a disengenuous argument, but I'll throw down for it.
By what right does any person, of ANY color, DEMAND entry onto private property? And make no mistake, a privately owned piece of land, no matter what the purpose of the structure set upon it, IS PRIVATE PROPERTY.
And by the way, idiot, the restaurant with a white's only sign on the front door, probably wouldn't last very long, how many white folks do you know that would patronize it?
But lets assume that someone does want to do so? Sure they're pretty vile as far as I'm concerned, but being personally vile does not deprive one of the right to associate freely as one chooses to.
By your argument, everybody MUST associate with everybody, under any circumstances outside of one's own home. And by your argument, no liberty of any kind is sacred.
Liberty may be misused, it may be abused by vile persons, but when that liberty is removed, we have a far more vile rule over us, which we lose our freedom to object to.
Robert at June 1, 2010 7:40 AM
Let's turn this around a bit. Let's say there's a restaurant (or bar, or whatever) in a predominantly Black (or Hispanic, or Chinese, etc) neighborhood. In some (not all) places where this is the case, there is a de facto "Blacks (or Hispanics, or Chinese, etc) Only" rule in effect. However, in this instance, the rule is enforced by threat of violence rather than rule of law. If someone of another ethnicity enters, they are intimidated into leaving, usually by the other patrons.
How much more reasonable would it be to allow them to post a sign and call the police if someone refuses to leave? How much SAFER would it be?
WayneB at June 1, 2010 1:45 PM
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